Rapamycin + Acarbose (RaAc) - Stage II
small moleculerate-of-agingYes37.00
metformin and rapamycin (MetRapa)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes23.00
rapamycin (aka sirolimus), oral
drugage slowingYes22.00
Often cited as the available molecule with the broadest & most consistent evidence of meaningful benefit for aging. Viewed by some as a CR mimetic.
acarbose
drugage slowingYes22.00
17-alpha estradiol
hormoneYes19.00
Rodent lifespan extension results are in males, so this is a separate row from HRT for women, which has very different kinds of data justifying it.
SGLT2 inhibitors (eg Canagliflozin)
drugage slowingYes14.00
Top scoring candidate for TAME-like trial (see gerotherapeutics score column).
ACE inhibitors (eg captopril) & ARBs
drugYes14.00
nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) - Male only, Stage II
small moleculerate-of-agingYes12.00
astaxanthin
supplementYes12.00
nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes12.00
16 alpha-hydroxyestradiol
small moleculerate-of-agingYes9.30
Meclizine (Mec)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes9.20
17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride (DMAG)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes9.00
rapamycin (Rapa) - Intermittent, Stage II
small moleculerate-of-agingYes9.00
1,3-butanediol (BD)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes9.00
Halofuginone (Hal)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes8.80
MSDC-160 (M160)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes8.70
Forskolin (For)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes8.30
aspirin
OTC drugYes8.00
Mitoglitazone (M160)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes7.80
metformin
drugage slowingYes7.00
Considered at one time to be the safest aging therapeutic with likely widespread benefit. Intended molecule of TAME multimorbidity trial.
ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes7.00
Protandim (Prot)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes7.00
resveratrol
supplementage slowingYes7.00
fisetin
supplementrejuvenationYes7.00
Supplement with the most evidence of senolytic effect, with many ongoing clinical trials at Mayo.
ursolic acid (UA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes6.00
Syringaresinol (Syr)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes6.00
Pioglitazone (Pio)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes5.70
Epicatechin (Epi)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes5.30
green tea extract (GTE)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes5.00
minocycline (Min)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes5.00
geranylgeranyl acetone (GGA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes5.00
Hydralazine
small moleculerate-of-agingYes5.00
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes4.40
Atorvastatin + Telmisartan (AtorTel)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes4.20
statins
drugYes4.00
nitroflurbiprofen (NFP)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes4.00
oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes4.00
candesartan cilexetil (CC)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes4.00
3-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one (MIF098)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes4.00
Methotrexate
small moleculerate-of-agingYes3.90
alpha ketoglutarate (AKG), eg Rejuvant
supplement?Yes3.40
curcumin / tumeric
supplementYes3.00
4-OH-a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (4-OH-PBN)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes3.00
4-Phenylbutyrate (PBA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes3.00
caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes3.00
Dichloroacetate (DCA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes2.50
Hydrogen Sulfide prodrug SG1002
small moleculerate-of-agingYes2.00
2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBX)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes1.00
Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes1.00
Mycophenolic Acid (MPA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes1.00
Sodium Thiosulfate (STS)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes0.90
L-Leucine (Leu)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes0.00
Mifepristone (Mife)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-0.50
medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCTO)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-1.00
b-guanidinopropionic acid (bGPA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-1.00
inulin (Inu)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-2.00
methylene blue
drug or IVYes-2.00
NAD+ precursors: eg NMN, NR
supplementage slowingYes-3.00
Big business. Possibly the most widely used aging-related supplements. Many papers & dozens of clinical trials, but also much controversy.
INT-767 FXR/TGR5 agonist (INT-767)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-3.00
PB125
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-3.00
Sulindac (Sul)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-3.00
2BAct (2BA)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-3.40
beta blockers
drugYes-3.40
TM5441 (TM5441)
small moleculerate-of-agingYes-4.00
CSM-101
oral CNS-penetrant small-molecule TRPML1 agonistinvestigational drug
Preclinical TRPML1 agonist designed to restore lysosomal function in genetically driven Parkinson's-related disorders.
GLP-1 agonists
drugage slowing
Dasatinib + quercetin (D+Q)
drug (+ supplement)rejuvenation
Arguably the available rejuvenation therapy with the best available evidence currently.
PDE5 inhibitors, eg Viagra/sildenafil, Cialis/tadalafil
drug?
ginger
supplement
diet (umbrella for many mods): calorie restriction (CR), protein restriction (PR), 1-amino restriction (eg methionine), fasting, intermittent fasting (IF), time restricted feeding (TRF), WFPB/low-fat, keto/low-carb, Mediteranean, DASH, MIND, etc.
lifestyle modage slowing
By far the most extensive evidence of benefit for any intervention.
berberine
supplementage slowing
Viewed by some as the supplement most analagous to metformin.
sleep (enough)
lifestyle modage slowing
Clearly chronic sleep deprivation speeds aging. Don't have time for a lit review myself here---what's the best review or lit survey to cite?
melatonin
supplement
HRT for women
hormone
taurine
supplementYes
red yeast rice / monaclins (naturally occuring statin lovastatin)
supplement
GlyNAC (glycine + N-acetylcysteine) or NAC
supplement
Precursor to glutathione so see also that row.
glutathione
supplement
NAC is a precursor so see also that row.
sun exposure
light
bisphosphonates
drug?
bariatric surgeries for people w/ obesity
surgery
glucosamine
supplementage slowing?
chondroitin sulfate
supplement
whole blood donation
blood donationage slowing
ashwagandha
supplement?
plasma donation or TPE (therapeutic plasma exchange)
blood donation?
plasmalogens
supplement?
Unvetted 2025 webpage writeup.
C15:0 aka fatty15 aka pentadecanoic acid
supplement
choline, also meclofenoxate (aka centrophenoxine)
supplement
Maybe should separate these eventually.
apigenin
supplement
omega3s: fish oil, algal oil, flax (DHA, EPA, ALA)
supplement
red/NIR/IR light/photobiomodulation therapy
light
probiotics / prebiotics supplements
supplement?
green tea extract / EGCG
supplement
testosterone for men
hormone
EDTA chelation therapy
IV
acoramidis (Attruby)
drugage slowing
TTR stabilizer made by Eidos Tx, which was acquired by BridgeBio, approved for ATTR-CM.
patisiran (Onpattro)
IVage slowing
RNAi drug to reduce TTR production made by Alnylam, approved for hATTR.
inotersen (Tegsedi)
subcutaneous injectionage slowing
ASO (anti-sense oligonucleotide) to reduce TTR production made by Akcea Therapeutics, which was acquired by Ionis Pharmaceuticals, approved for hATTR.
| Select up to four records | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rapamycin + Acarbose (RaAc) - Stage II | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 37.00 | 28.00 | |
| metformin and rapamycin (MetRapa) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 23.00 | 23.00 | |
| rapamycin (aka sirolimus), oral Often cited as the available molecule with the broadest & most consistent evidence of meaningful benefit for aging. Viewed by some as a CR mimetic. | drug | age slowing | Yes | 22.00 | 28.00 | |
| acarbose | drug | age slowing | Yes | 22.00 | 5.00 | |
| 17-alpha estradiol Rodent lifespan extension results are in males, so this is a separate row from HRT for women, which has very different kinds of data justifying it. | hormone | — | Yes | 19.00 | 1.00 | |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (eg Canagliflozin) Top scoring candidate for TAME-like trial (see gerotherapeutics score column). | drug | age slowing | Yes | 14.00 | 1.00 | |
| ACE inhibitors (eg captopril) & ARBs | drug | — | Yes | 14.00 | 5.00 | |
| nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) - Male only, Stage II | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 12.00 | — | |
| astaxanthin | supplement | — | Yes | 12.00 | 3.00 | |
| nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 12.00 | 1.00 | |
| 16 alpha-hydroxyestradiol | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 9.30 | -6.50 | |
| Meclizine (Mec) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 9.20 | 3.00 | |
| 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride (DMAG) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 9.00 | -4.00 | |
| rapamycin (Rapa) - Intermittent, Stage II | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 9.00 | 8.00 | |
| 1,3-butanediol (BD) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 9.00 | 1.00 | |
| Halofuginone (Hal) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 8.80 | 0.20 | |
| MSDC-160 (M160) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 8.70 | -2.30 | |
| Forskolin (For) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 8.30 | 0.80 | |
| aspirin | OTC drug | — | Yes | 8.00 | 1.00 | |
| Mitoglitazone (M160) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 7.80 | -5.80 | |
| metformin Considered at one time to be the safest aging therapeutic with likely widespread benefit. Intended molecule of TAME multimorbidity trial. | drug | age slowing | Yes | 7.00 | 0.00 | |
| ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 7.00 | -1.00 | |
| Protandim (Prot) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 7.00 | 3.00 | |
| resveratrol | supplement | age slowing | Yes | 7.00 | 4.00 | |
| fisetin Supplement with the most evidence of senolytic effect, with many ongoing clinical trials at Mayo. | supplement | rejuvenation | Yes | 7.00 | 1.00 | |
| ursolic acid (UA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 6.00 | 0.00 | |
| Syringaresinol (Syr) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 6.00 | -2.00 | |
| Pioglitazone (Pio) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 5.70 | -4.40 | |
| Epicatechin (Epi) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 5.30 | -2.20 | |
| green tea extract (GTE) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 5.00 | 7.00 | |
| minocycline (Min) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 5.00 | -3.00 | |
| geranylgeranyl acetone (GGA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 5.00 | 2.00 | |
| Hydralazine | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 5.00 | -1.70 | |
| 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 4.40 | -3.50 | |
| Atorvastatin + Telmisartan (AtorTel) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 4.20 | -3.80 | |
| statins | drug | — | Yes | 4.00 | 4.00 | |
| nitroflurbiprofen (NFP) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 4.00 | 0.00 | |
| oxaloacetic acid (OAA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 4.00 | 3.00 | |
| candesartan cilexetil (CC) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 4.00 | 1.00 | |
| 3-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one (MIF098) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 4.00 | -1.00 | |
| Methotrexate | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 3.90 | -0.10 | |
| alpha ketoglutarate (AKG), eg Rejuvant | supplement | ? | Yes | 3.40 | 0.90 | |
| curcumin / tumeric | supplement | — | Yes | 3.00 | 5.00 | |
| 4-OH-a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (4-OH-PBN) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 3.00 | -4.00 | |
| 4-Phenylbutyrate (PBA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 3.00 | -2.00 | |
| caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 3.00 | 5.00 | |
| Dichloroacetate (DCA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 2.50 | -0.50 | |
| Hydrogen Sulfide prodrug SG1002 | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 2.00 | 1.00 | |
| 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBX) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 1.00 | -2.00 | |
| Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 1.00 | 0.00 | |
| Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 1.00 | -1.00 | |
| Sodium Thiosulfate (STS) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 0.90 | -0.90 | |
| L-Leucine (Leu) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | 0.00 | -2.00 | |
| Mifepristone (Mife) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -0.50 | -3.60 | |
| medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCTO) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -1.00 | 2.00 | |
| b-guanidinopropionic acid (bGPA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -1.00 | -1.00 | |
| inulin (Inu) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -2.00 | 2.00 | |
| methylene blue | drug or IV | — | Yes | -2.00 | 1.00 | |
| NAD+ precursors: eg NMN, NR Big business. Possibly the most widely used aging-related supplements. Many papers & dozens of clinical trials, but also much controversy. | supplement | age slowing | Yes | -3.00 | 0.00 | |
| INT-767 FXR/TGR5 agonist (INT-767) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -3.00 | -1.00 | |
| PB125 | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -3.00 | 1.00 | |
| Sulindac (Sul) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -3.00 | -2.00 | |
| 2BAct (2BA) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -3.40 | -1.50 | |
| beta blockers | drug | — | Yes | -3.40 | -4.20 | |
| TM5441 (TM5441) | small molecule | rate-of-aging | Yes | -4.00 | 0.00 | |
| CSM-101 Preclinical TRPML1 agonist designed to restore lysosomal function in genetically driven Parkinson's-related disorders. | oral CNS-penetrant small-molecule TRPML1 agonist | investigational drug | — | — | — | |
| GLP-1 agonists | drug | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| Dasatinib + quercetin (D+Q) Arguably the available rejuvenation therapy with the best available evidence currently. | drug (+ supplement) | rejuvenation | — | — | — | |
| PDE5 inhibitors, eg Viagra/sildenafil, Cialis/tadalafil | drug | ? | — | — | — | |
| ginger | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| diet (umbrella for many mods):
calorie restriction (CR), protein restriction (PR), 1-amino restriction (eg methionine), fasting, intermittent fasting (IF), time restricted feeding (TRF), WFPB/low-fat, keto/low-carb, Mediteranean, DASH, MIND, etc. By far the most extensive evidence of benefit for any intervention. | lifestyle mod | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| berberine Viewed by some as the supplement most analagous to metformin. | supplement | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| sleep (enough) Clearly chronic sleep deprivation speeds aging. Don't have time for a lit review myself here---what's the best review or lit survey to cite? | lifestyle mod | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| melatonin | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| HRT for women | hormone | — | — | — | — | |
| taurine | supplement | — | Yes | — | — | |
| red yeast rice / monaclins (naturally occuring statin lovastatin) | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| GlyNAC (glycine + N-acetylcysteine) or NAC Precursor to glutathione so see also that row. | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| glutathione NAC is a precursor so see also that row. | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| sun exposure | light | — | — | — | — | |
| bisphosphonates | drug | ? | — | — | — | |
| bariatric surgeries for people w/ obesity | surgery | — | — | — | — | |
| glucosamine | supplement | age slowing? | — | — | — | |
| chondroitin sulfate | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| whole blood donation | blood donation | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| ashwagandha | supplement | ? | — | — | — | |
| plasma donation or TPE (therapeutic plasma exchange) | blood donation | ? | — | — | — | |
| plasmalogens Unvetted 2025 webpage writeup. | supplement | ? | — | — | — | |
| C15:0 aka fatty15 aka pentadecanoic acid | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| choline, also meclofenoxate (aka centrophenoxine) Maybe should separate these eventually. | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| apigenin | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| omega3s: fish oil, algal oil, flax (DHA, EPA, ALA) | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| red/NIR/IR light/photobiomodulation therapy | light | — | — | — | — | |
| probiotics / prebiotics supplements | supplement | ? | — | — | — | |
| green tea extract / EGCG | supplement | — | — | — | — | |
| testosterone for men | hormone | — | — | — | — | |
| EDTA chelation therapy | IV | — | — | — | — | |
| acoramidis (Attruby) TTR stabilizer made by Eidos Tx, which was acquired by BridgeBio, approved for ATTR-CM. | drug | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| patisiran (Onpattro) RNAi drug to reduce TTR production made by Alnylam, approved for hATTR. | IV | age slowing | — | — | — | |
| inotersen (Tegsedi) ASO (anti-sense oligonucleotide) to reduce TTR production made by Akcea Therapeutics, which was acquired by Ionis Pharmaceuticals, approved for hATTR. | subcutaneous injection | age slowing | — | — | — |